Domestic Waste Water Processing Using Enceng Gondok

The process that occurs in the system wet land made for domestic waste water treatment is the process of physics, chemistry and biology due to the interaction between microorganisms, plants and substrate.

Which plays an important role in this process is the process of respiration and photosynthesis performed by plants, water. This plant is able to suck oxygen from the air through the leaves, stem, root and rhizomanya who then released again. Plants that are used to process domestic waste water in this research is the water hyacinth.

Plants planted this half of the broad area of surface reactor. Waste water is treated domestic waste water is channeled from the channel domestic waste water disposal in the Village Tlogomas Municipality of Malang in East Java. Berdiameter the gravel between 3 - 4 mm placed in a reactor with a height of three-quarters of the reactor depth. All walls and dibeton bed reactor with 20 cm thickness. Domestic waste water channeled from the channel domestic waste water disposal to the Inlet reactor continuously, and after the processing in the reactor is filled with sand and planted with water hyacinth, and exit from the outlet. Debit bait waste water = 9.29 m3/hari, Volume = 58.824 m3 reactor, Volume = 29.412 m3 liquids, stay time = 3.17 days.

Sampling is done at the Inlet and outlet reactor. Parameter analysis is performed:

1. T-N (spektrofotometri method),
2. T-P (spektrofotometri method),
3. COD (closed reflux method),
4. TSS (gravimetri method) and pH (pH meter).
5. TSS value outlet average 180 mg / l, is below the required standard of quality that is 200 mg / l.
6. Average efficiency of 31.7% TSS. Total P-value outlet average 0.8 mg / l, still above the required standard of quality that is 0.1 mg / l.
7. Average efficiency of Total-P 42.64%.
8. Total Value-N outlets average 32.5 mg / l, still above the standard quality required is 20 mg / l.
9. Average efficiency of Total-N 52.13%. Outlet COD values average 225 mg / l, still above the value of the required quality standard is 100 mg / l.
10. The average value of COD treatment efficiency of 42.1%.
11. PH value of waste water does not mean that changes in the value ranges between 6 and 8.
12. Time of harvesting crops should be done once a month.

Keywords: artificial wet land, water hyacinth; domestic waste water.

Bio Fuel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum L.)

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) included in the clan who have Callophylum of knowledgeable enough in the world, namely Madagascar, East Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, West Indies, and South America. In Indonesia, nyamplung spread from West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, Java, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara and Papua. To date, the potential natural nyamplung in Indonesia is not yet known exactly, Results of nappe area of Satellite Imagery Landsat7 ETM + in 2003 shows that the standing nyamplung all natural beaches in Indonesia to reach broad total 480,000 ha, and most (? 60%) are in the area forest.
Excess nyamplung as a raw material for biofuel is bijinya rendemen have a high, can reach 74%, and in the utilization does not compete with the interests of food. Some of the benefits of nyamplung reviewed the prospects of the development and utilization of others, are nyamplung plants grow and spread evenly naturally in Indonesia; easy regeneration and bear fruit throughout the year showed a high survival power of the environment; plants relatively easy budidayakan good plant type (monoculture) or forest mix (mixed-forest); match in a dry area, permudaan more natural, and bear fruit throughout the year, almost all the plants nyamplung berdayaguna and produce various products that have economic value; Nyamplung standing forest functions as a wind breaker (wind breaker) to agricultural crops and border coastal conservation and utilization of biofuel nyamplung can press the rate of forest trees as firewood; higher seed productivity than other types (Distance fence 5 tons / ha; palm 6 tons / ha; nyamplung 20 tons / ha).
Some of the benefits of biodiesel produced from oil nyamplung is rendemen nyamplung quite high compared to other types of plants (40-60% distance of the fence, Sawit 46-54%; Nyamplung and 40-73%), some parameters have met the quality standard of biodiesel Indonesia, oil seeds nyamplung have power fuel twice longer than oil. In the test to boil water, oil is 0.9 ml, while oil seed nyamplung only 0.4 ml; have a competitive advantage in the future, among other biodiesel nyamplung blender can be used as diesel fuel composition with a certain, even when used 100% appropriate processing technology, better quality of emissions from diesel fuel, can be used as a substitute for petroleum biokerosen.
Another benefit of the plant timber that is nyamplung including commercial timber, can be used for making boats, beam, pillar, floor boards and planks on the building and housing materials kontruksi light; getahnya can disadap to get the oil indicated that nutritious for the growth of HIV virus . Leaves the compound costatolide-A, saponin and hidrocyanic acid as the nutritious oles drugs for rheumatism pain, cosmetic ingredients for skin care, to heal wounds such as burns and wounds cut. Interest rates can be used as a mixture of oil to scent the hair. Bijinya after oil processed into useful to pelitur, oil and hair oil series, also nutritious for the cathartic and rheumatism. Nyamplung cultivation does not require a large investment.
The availability of land for potential development nyamplung plants also spread across the country. When all of the needs of nyamplung supplied biodiesel, biodiesel will be required as many as 720,000 kilo liters, equivalent to 5.1 million tons of seed nyamplung, with the assumption that 2.5 kg of seeds nyamplung akan produce 1 liter of oil nyamplung; thus akan area required to harvest crops nyamplung at least 254,000 hectares in the year 2025. With a similar pattern with the economic analysis of the study on development of Plantation Forest Rakyat (HTR), which states that in 1 ha 1 person required labor, plant nyamplung area of 254 thousand hectares will be able to absorb 254 thousand workers. With many potential advantages nyamplung plant is a plant that provides multifunctional and benefits to humans and the environment. Multifunctional and benefits include the potential nyamplung plants as forest and land rehabilitation, as an alternative biofuel, and to increase community empowerment (comdev). ant / kp
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER FOREST PRODUCT (P3HH)
Has conducted RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Biodiesel
FROM NYAMPLUNG seeds (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)
(Year 2005-2008)

History
R & D Center of forestry research has started producing biodiesel from the seeds of nyamplung intensively since 2005, and in 2008 obtained the results as follows:

• Biodiesel from the seeds have been tested nyamplung nature fisiko-kimianya by R & D Center for Oil and Gas (2008) and all-is (as much as 17) have met national standards indonesia (SNI) for biodiesel, No: 04-7182-2006 .
• Biodiesel has been tested nyamplung try on the road (road-rally test) three times, total distance reaches 370 km. From all trials conducted, the results obtained are satisfactory without some technical machinery. Vehicle speed is reached is 120 km / hour.
• Tests with the engine performance of biodiesel fuel nyamplung still held by the Puspitek LIPI Serpong. Once completed, the result will be submitted for certification in the BSN (National Board of Certification).

Bioethanol from Ganyong

Gadjah Mada University (UGM) Research Team Develop Ganyong for Bio-ethanol production. For some people, rimpang ganyong (Canna edulis ker) is seen next to the eye so that less dibudidayakan. Rimpang that during the time known only as a distraction or food flour wheat flour substitute, also appeared to be used as alternative fuel for gasoline and kerosene.

This was after the UGM Research Team to develop bio-ethanol production from rimpang kana as one of the hydrogen fuel. "Interest from ganyong, this plant has not been much dibudidayakan and have great potential. Substance because it contains starch that is high enough, gulanya high enough, so have the potential for bio-ethanol.

Ganyong, the plant is easy to grow, tolerant of shade, have a potential high enough to developed, "said Dr. Kumala Dewi, M.Sc., a member of the research team in 25 exhibition Results Activities Research and UGM Hi-Link Project at the Sheraton Hotel Jakarta, Tuesday (4 / 3). UGM Research Team Develop Ganyong for Bio-ethanol Production Kumala Dewi addition, researchers are Prof.. Dra. Endang Sutariningsih Soetarto, M.Sc., Ph.D., both of them is a lecturer at the Faculty of Biology Gadjah Mada University, and Prof.. Dra. Wega Trisunaryanti, M.S., Ph.D. UGM's Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.

In research, the bio-ethanol production is done in a way take advantage of dry starch in ganyong that reach 15-20 percent. Gynecology and starch hydrolysis dirombak the union to become a more simple process Liquefaction Saccharification. "With the union a more simple, the more glucose chain length, we cut into pieces so that it becomes a simple form of sugar. Next fermented leavened with the help of the usual used as yeast bread, "said women's birth Magelang, 8 April 1966 this.

Fermentation carried out during the next 3-4 days. Results include alcohol fermentation. However, the alcohol content will increase sharply during the fermentation process lasts up to 40 percent on the day keeempat. Results ago didestilasi fermentation process for the purification. Destilasi obtained from the first bio-ethanol with the 50-75 percent level. Next, re-done destilasi to obtain bio-ethanol with a value above 90 percent. "After that bio-ethanol can dimurnikan using molecular sieves," said Kumala Dewi more.

From this research, the quality level of bio-ethanol can be 98 percent meet the standards of fuel substitution. The maximum concentration recommended for mixing bio-ethanol with 98 percent gasoline, is 10 percent. Mentioned in the research, a kilogram (kg) ganyong can produce 120 cc of bio-ethanol. This means that 7-8 kg ganyong needed to produce one liter of bio-ethanol. In other words, the comparison of 8:1 is required to be able to produce bio-ethanol berkadar 75 percent of the comparison and 12:1 for bioethanol berkadar 97-98 percent. Kumala Dewi with other members of the team conducting the research since July 2008 after obtaining grants from the Hi-Link.

The idea to utilize ganyong obtaining 1993. At the time he conducted the research culture ganyong. "There I find that ganyong easy to grow and can be manipulated umbinya formation such that production of many more. But kan, utilization not know that much. In addition to food, because it contains starch and sugar so I have ideas to develop as bio-ethanol, "said the mother of three children. (PR UGM / Gusti Grehenson)

Lubricant Oil from Waste Plastic

Do you know if a later time used plastic bottles can be used as a raw material for making lubricant for motor vehicles? If not, check it at the Stephen J. Miller, Ph.D., a scientist and senior research consultant at Chevron. Together with colleagues in the Center research Chevron Energy Technology Company, Richmond, California, United States and the University of Kentucky, he succeeded in changing waste plastic into oil lubricants. How?

Most of the population in the world using the plastic in the running activities. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) United States, in 2001, the United States use at least 25 million tons of plastic each year. Not yet added user plastic in other countries. Not a surprise if a lot of plastic used. Plastics have many advantages compared to other materials. In general, the plastic has a low density, is isolation of the electrical, mechanical strength is varied, limited temperature resistance, and durability of chemicals that vary. In addition, the plastic is also lightweight, easily in the design, and cost of making cheaper.

Unfortunately, behind all the benefits, waste plastic cause problems for the environment. The nature of plastic is not another that can not be described in the land. To overcome this problem, environmental experts and scientists from various disciplines have conducted various research and action. One way to recycle plastic waste. However, this is not too effective. Only about 4%, which can be recycled, the rest in the shelter menggunung waste. Can piles of plastic waste can be converted into lubricant? Problems that underlie Miller and colleagues conducted this research.

Most people use a plastic type of plastic is polietilena. There are two types of polietilena, namely high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE). HDPE is used more as plastic beverage bottles, while for LDPE plastic bags. In research to be published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society Fuel and Energy (Energy and Fuel) edition of July 20, 2005, Miller polietilena heating method using pirolisis, and investigate the results of heating the substance. In fact, when heated will polietilena a compound liquid hydrocarbons. Compound has a similar form of wax (wax).

A large plastic straggling is about 60%, a number of the quite a lot. Chemical structure of the compound liquid hydrocarbons similar wax allow this to be processed into high-quality lubricant. Just enough information, the lubricant that is currently circulating in the market derived from processing petroleum. Crude oil (crude oil) of oil drilling in the bottom of the earth compound contains various hydrocarbons with boiling point is different. Then, various compound hydrocarbons in the crude oil is separated using a multistage distillation techniques (distillation) based on the difference didihnya point.

Besides fuel, like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, crude oil distillation also produces oil lubricants. Nature of chemical compound from the liquid hydrocarbons heating waste plastic compound similar to hydrocarbons in the crude oil so that it can be processed into oil lubricants. Changing the liquid hydrocarbons pirolisis plastic waste into oil using a method hidroisomerisasi lubricants. Miller hopes this artificial lubricant can be used for vehicles with the same quality with the distillation of petroleum crude oil, environmentally friendly, and economical. In fact, the oil business of making synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from the compound, this is not a new thing.

In the early 1990s, the company Chevron has been trying to change the compound liquid hydrocarbons into synthetic fuel for commercial purposes. The only raw material used to produce a compound liquid hydrocarbons derived from natural gas (generally gas metana) katalitik through a process known as the Fischer-Tropsch process. In the Fischer-Tropsch process, the gas metana converted into synthesis gas (syngas), which is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide, with the help of iron or cobalt as catalyst. Furthermore, the syngas is converted into liquid hydrocarbons compound, and then processed using hydrocracking process into fuel and other petroleum products, including the lubricant. Compound liquid hydrocarbons from syngas conversion results have the same chemical nature of the polietilena. Natural gas used came from the United States. Later, the sea area offshore the Middle East are a source of natural gas because the price of natural gas there is cheaper. Lubricant oil from natural gas for a while this can be an alternative lubricant to petroleum processing results. In the future, natural gas reserves in the world will soon diminish. On the other hand, the need for the higher lubricant.

Now, with the discovery of this, the making of lubricant does not appear to need more natural gas. Simply use the waste plastic bottles, the oil lubricant. Interested in trying?

Source: http://acswebapplications.acs.org Ket: Both writers are alumni of Department of Chemistry FMIPA Padjadjaran University and Community pegiat in Alchemist.